Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

The Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks feature provides protection from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks at the global level (for all firewall sessions) and at the VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) level. In Cisco IOS XE Release 3.4S and later releases, you can configure the aggressive aging of firewall sessions, event rate monitoring of firewall sessions, the half-opened connections limit, and global TCP SYN cookie protection to prevent distributed DoS attacks.

Information About Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Aggressive Aging of Firewall Sessions

The Aggressive Aging feature provides the firewall the capability of aggressively aging out sessions to make room for new sessions, thereby protecting the firewall session database from filling. The firewall protects its resources by removing idle sessions. The Aggressive Aging feature allows firewall sessions to exist for a shorter period of time defined by a timer called aging-out time.

The Aggressive Aging feature includes thresholds to define the start and end of the aggressive aging period—high and low watermarks. The aggressive aging period starts when the session table crosses the high watermark and ends when it falls below the low watermark. During the aggressive aging period, sessions will exist for a shorter period of time that you have configured by using the aging-out time. If an attacker initiates sessions at a rate that is faster than the rate at which the firewall terminates sessions, all resources that are allocated for creating sessions are used and all new connections are rejected. To prevent such attacks, you can configure the Aggressive Aging feature to aggressively age out sessions. This feature is disabled by default.

You can configure aggressive aging for half-opened sessions and total sessions at the box level (box refers to the entire firewall session table) and the virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) level. If you have configured this feature for total sessions, all sessions that consume firewall session resources are taken into account. Total sessions comprise established sessions, half-opened sessions, and sessions in the imprecise session database. (A TCP session that has not yet reached the established state is called a half-opened session.)

A firewall has two session databases: the session database and the imprecise session database. The session database contains sessions with 5-tuple (the source IP address, the destination IP address, the source port, the destination port, and the protocol). A tuple is an ordered list of elements. The imprecise session database contains sessions with fewer than 5-tuple (missing IP addresses, port numbers, and so on). In the case of aggressive aging for half-opened sessions, only half-opened sessions are considered.

You can configure an aggressive aging-out time for Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), TCP, and UDP firewall sessions. The aging-out time is set by default to the idle time.

Event Rate Monitoring Feature

The Event Rate Monitoring feature monitors the rate of predefined events in a zone. The Event Rate Monitoring feature includes basic threat detection, which is the ability of a security device to detect possible threats, anomalies, and attacks to resources inside the firewall and to take action against them. You can configure a basic threat detection rate for events. When the incoming rate of a certain type of event exceeds the configured threat detection rate, event rate monitoring considers this event as a threat and takes action to stop the threat. Threat detection inspects events only on the ingress zone (if the Event Rate Monitoring feature is enabled on the ingress zone).

The network administrator is informed about the potential threats via an alert message (syslog or high-speed logger [HSL]) and can take actions such as detecting the attack vector, detecting the zone from which the attack is coming, or configuring devices in the network to block certain behaviors or traffic.

The Event Rate Monitoring feature monitors the following types of events:

  • Firewall drops due to basic firewall checks failure—This can include zone or zone-pair check failures, or firewall policies configured with the drop action, and so on.

  • Firewall drops due to Layer 4 inspection failure—This can include TCP inspections that have failed because the first TCP packet is not a synchronization (SYN) packet.

  • TCP SYN cookie attack—This can include counting the number of SYN packets that are dropped and the number of SYN cookies that are sent as a spoofing attack.

The Event Rate Monitoring feature monitors the average rate and the burst rate of different events. Each event type has a rate object that is controlled by an associated rate that has a configurable parameter set (the average threshold, the burst threshold, and a time period). The time period is divided into time slots; each time slot is 1/30th of the time period.

The average rate is calculated for every event type. Each rate object holds 30 completed sampling values plus one value to hold the current ongoing sampling period. The current sampling value replaces the oldest calculated value and the average is recalculated. The average rate is calculated during every time period. If the average rate exceeds the average threshold, the Event Rate Monitoring feature will consider this as a possible threat, update the statistics, and inform the network administrator.

The burst rate is implemented by using the token bucket algorithm. For each time slot, the token bucket is filled with tokens. For each event that occurs (of a specific event type), a token is removed from the bucket. An empty bucket means that the burst threshold is reached, and the administrator receives an alarm through the syslog or HSL. You can view the threat detection statistics and learn about possible threats to various events in the zone from the output of the show policy-firewall stats zone command.

You must first enable basic threat detection by using the threat-detection basic-threat command. Once basic threat detection is configured, you can configure the threat detection rate. To configure the threat detection rate, use the threat-detection rate command.

The following table describes the basic threat detection default settings that are applicable if the Event Rate Monitoring feature is enabled.

Table 1. Basic Threat Detection Default Settings

Packet Drop Reason

Threat Detection Settings

Basic firewall drops

average-rate 400 packets per second (pps)

burst-rate 1600 pps

rate-interval 600 seconds

Inspection-based firewall drops

average-rate 400 pps

burst-rate 1600 pps

rate-interval 600 seconds

SYN attack firewall drops

average-rate 100 pps

burst-rate 200 pps

rate-interval 600 seconds

Half-Opened Connections Limit

The firewall session table supports the limiting of half-opened firewall connections. Limiting the number of half-opened sessions will defend the firewall against attacks that might fill the firewall session table at the per-box level or at the virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) level with half-opened sessions and prevent sessions from being established. The half-opened connection limit can be configured for Layer 4 protocols, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), TCP, and UDP. The limit set to the number of UDP half-opened sessions will not affect the TCP or ICMP half-opened sessions. When the configured half-opened session limit is exceeded, all new sessions are rejected and a log message is generated, either in syslog or in the high-speed logger (HSL).

The following sessions are considered as half-opened sessions:

  • TCP sessions that have not completed the three-way handshake.

  • UDP sessions that have only one packet detected in the UDP flow.

  • ICMP sessions that do not receive a reply to the ICMP echo request or the ICMP time-stamp request.

TCP SYN-Flood Attacks

You can configure the global TCP SYN-flood limit to limit SYN flood attacks. TCP SYN-flooding attacks are a type of denial of service (DoS) attack. When the configured TCP SYN-flood limit is reached, the firewall verifies the source of sessions before creating more sessions. Usually, TCP SYN packets are sent to a targeted end host or a range of subnet addresses behind the firewall. These TCP SYN packets have spoofed source IP addresses. A spoofing attack is when a person or program tries to use false data to gain access to resources in a network. TCP SYN flooding can take up all resources on a firewall or an end host, thereby causing denial of service to legitimate traffic. You can configure TCP SYN-flood protection at the VRF level and the zone level.

SYN flood attacks are divided into two types:

  • Host flood—SYN flood packets are sent to a single host intending to utilize all resources on that host.

  • Firewall session table flood—SYN flood packets are sent to a range of addresses behind the firewall, with the intention of exhausting the session table resources on the firewall, thereby denying resources to the legitimate traffic going through the firewall.

How to Configure Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Configuring a Firewall

In this task, you will do the following:

  • Configure a firewall.

  • Create a security source zone.

  • Create a security destination zone.

  • Create a security zone pair by using the configured source and destination zones.

  • Configure an interface as a zone member.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. class-map type inspect match-any class-map-name
  4. match protocol {icmp | tcp | udp}
  5. exit
  6. parameter-map type inspect global
  7. redundancy
  8. exit
  9. policy-map type inspect policy-map-name
  10. class type inspect class-map-name
  11. inspect
  12. exit
  13. class class-default
  14. drop
  15. exit
  16. exit
  17. zone security security-zone-name
  18. exit
  19. zone security security-zone-name
  20. exit
  21. zone-pair security zone-pair-name source source-zone destination destination-zone
  22. service-policy type inspect policy-map-name
  23. exit
  24. interface type number
  25. ip address ip-address mask
  26. encapsulation dot1q vlan-id
  27. zone-member security security-zone-name
  28. end
  29. To attach a zone to another interface, repeat Steps 21 to 25.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:

Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:

Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

class-map type inspect match-any class-map-name

Example:

Device(config)# class-map type inspect match-any ddos-class

Creates an application-specific inspect type class map and enters QoS class-map configuration mode.

Step 4

match protocol {icmp | tcp | udp}

Example:

Device(config-cmap)# match protocol tcp

Configures the match criterion for a class map based on the specified protocol.

Step 5

exit

Example:

Device(config-cmap)# exit

Exits QoS class-map configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 6

parameter-map type inspect global

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global

Defines a global inspect parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 7

redundancy

Example:

Device(config-profile)# redundancy

Enables firewall high availability.

Step 8

exit

Example:

Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 9

policy-map type inspect policy-map-name

Example:

Device(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw

Creates a protocol-specific inspect type policy map and enters QoS policy-map configuration mode.

Step 10

class type inspect class-map-name

Example:

Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect ddos-class

Specifies the traffic class on which an action is to be performed and enters QoS policy-map class configuration mode.

Step 11

inspect

Example:

Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect

Enables stateful packet inspection.

Step 12

exit

Example:

Device(config-pmap-c)# exit

Exits QoS policy-map class configuration mode and enters QoS policy-map configuration mode.

Step 13

class class-default

Example:

Device(config-pmap)# class class-default

Configures the default class on which an action is to be performed and enters QoS policy-map class configuration mode.

Step 14

drop

Example:

Device(config-pmap-c)# drop

Allows traffic to pass between two interfaces in the same zone.

Step 15

exit

Example:

Device(config-pmap-c)# exit

Exits QoS policy-map class configuration mode and enters QoS policy-map configuration mode.

Step 16

exit

Example:

Device(config-pmap)# exit

Exits QoS policy-map configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 17

zone security security-zone-name

Example:

Device(config)# zone security private
Creates a security zone and enters security zone configuration mode.

  • You need two security zones to create a zone pair—a source and a destination zone.

Step 18

exit

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone)# exit

Exits security zone configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 19

zone security security-zone-name

Example:

Device(config)# zone security public
Creates a security zone and enters security zone configuration mode.

  • You need two security zones to create a zone pair—a source and a destination zone.

Step 20

exit

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone)# exit

Exits security zone configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 21

zone-pair security zone-pair-name source source-zone destination destination-zone

Example:

Device(config)# zone-pair security private2public source private destination public

Creates a zone pair and enters security zone-pair configuration mode.

Step 22

service-policy type inspect policy-map-name

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect ddos-fw

Attaches a policy map to a top-level policy map.

Step 23

exit

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone-pair)# exit

Exits security zone-pair configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 24

interface type number

Example:

Device(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1/0.1

Configures an interface and enters subinterface configuration mode.

Step 25

ip address ip-address mask

Example:

Device(config-subif)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

Configures an IP address for the subinterface.

Step 26

encapsulation dot1q vlan-id

Example:

Device(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 2

Sets the encapsulation method used by the interface.

Step 27

zone-member security security-zone-name

Example:

Device(config-subif)# zone-member security private

Configures the interface as a zone member.

  • For the security-zone-name argument, you must configure one of the zones that you had configured by using the zone security command.

  • When an interface is in a security zone, all traffic to and from that interface (except traffic going to the device or initiated by the device) is dropped by default. To permit traffic through an interface that is a zone member, you must make that zone part of a zone pair to which you apply a policy. If the policy permits traffic (via inspect or pass actions), traffic can flow through the interface.

Step 28

end

Example:

Device(config-subif)# end

Exits subinterface configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 29

To attach a zone to another interface, repeat Steps 21 to 25.

—

Configuring the Aggressive Aging of Firewall Sessions

You can configure the Aggressive Aging feature for per-box (per-box refers to the entire firewall session table), default-VRF, and per-VRF firewall sessions. Before the Aggressive Aging feature can work, you must configure the aggressive aging and the aging-out time of firewall sessions.

Perform the following tasks to configure the aggressive aging of firewall sessions.

Configuring per-Box Aggressive Aging

Per-box refers to the entire firewall session table. Any configuration that follows the parameter-map type inspect-global command applies to the box.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  4. per-box max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}
  5. per-box aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}
  6. exit
  7. parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name
  8. tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  9. end
  10. show policy-firewall stats global

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:
Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:
Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global
Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Configures a global parameter map for connecting thresholds and timeouts and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, the parameter-map type inspect-global and the parameter-map type inspect global commands are supported. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Steps 4 and 5 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 4

per-box max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}

Example:
Device(config-profile)# per-box max-incomplete 2000 aggressive-aging high 1500 low 1200

Configures the maximum limit and the aggressive aging rate for half-opened sessions in the firewall session table.

Step 5

per-box aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}

Example:
Device(config-profile)# per-box aggressive-aging high 1700 low 1300

Configures the aggressive aging limit of total sessions.

Step 6

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 7

parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1

Configures an inspect-type parameter map for connecting thresholds, timeouts, and other parameters pertaining to the inspect action and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 8

tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10

Specifies how long the software will wait for a TCP session to reach the established state before dropping the session.

  • After aggressive aging is enabled, the SYN wait timer of the oldest TCP connections are reset from the default to the configured ageout time. In this example, instead of waiting for 30 seconds for connections to timeout, the timeout of the oldest TCP connections are set to 10 seconds. Aggressive aging is disabled when the connections drop below the low watermark.

Step 9

end

Example:
Device(config-profile)# end

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 10

show policy-firewall stats global

Example:
Device# show policy-firewall stats global

Displays global firewall statistics information.

Configuring Aggressive Aging for a Default VRF

When you configure the max-incomplete aggressive-aging command, it applies to the default VRF.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. Enters one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  4. max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}
  5. session total number [aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}]
  6. exit
  7. parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name
  8. tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  9. end
  10. show policy-firewall stats vrf global

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:
Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:
Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

Enters one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global
Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Configures a global parameter map for connecting thresholds and timeouts and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, the parameter-map type inspect-global and the parameter-map type inspect global commands are supported. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Step 5 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 4

max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}

Example:
Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 3455 aggressive-aging high 2345 low 2255

Configures the maximum limit and the aggressive aging limit of half-opened firewall sessions.

Step 5

session total number [aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# session total 1000 aggressive-aging high percent 80 low percent 60

Configures the total limit and the aggressive aging limit for total firewall sessions.

Step 6

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 7

parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1

Configures an inspect-type parameter map for connecting thresholds, timeouts, and other parameters pertaining to the inspect action and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 8

tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10

Specifies how long the software will wait for a TCP session to reach the established state before dropping the session.

  • After aggressive aging is enabled, the SYN wait timer of the oldest TCP connections are reset from the default to the configured ageout time. In this example, instead of waiting for 30 seconds for connections to timeout, the timeout of the oldest TCP connections are set to 10 seconds. Aggressive aging is disabled when the connections drop below the low watermark.

Step 9

end

Example:
Device(config-profile)# end

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 10

show policy-firewall stats vrf global

Example:
Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf global

Displays global VRF firewall policy statistics.

Configuring the Aging Out of Firewall Sessions

You can configure the aging out of ICMP, TCP, or UDP firewall sessions.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  4. vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name
  5. exit
  6. parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name
  7. tcp idle-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  8. tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  9. exit
  10. policy-map type inspect policy-map-name
  11. class type inspect match-any class-map-name
  12. inspect parameter-map-name
  13. end
  14. show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:
Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:
Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global
Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspectglobal
Configures a global parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, the parameter-map type inspect-global and the parameter-map type inspect global commands are supported. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Step 4 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 4

vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name

Example:
Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap

Binds a VRF with a parameter map.

Step 5

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 6

parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1

Configures an inspect-type parameter map for connecting thresholds, timeouts, and other parameters pertaining to the inspect action and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 7

tcp idle-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp idle-time 3000 ageout-time 100
Configures the timeout for idle TCP sessions and the aggressive aging-out time for TCP sessions.

  • You can also configure the tcp finwait-time command to specify how long a TCP session will be managed after the firewall detects a finish (FIN) exchange, or you can configure the tcp synwait-time command to specify how long the software will wait for a TCP session to reach the established state before dropping the session.

Step 8

tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10

Specifies how long the software will wait for a TCP session to reach the established state before dropping the session.

  • When aggressive aging is enabled, the SYN wait timer of the oldest TCP connections are reset from the default to the configured ageout time. In this example, instead of waiting for 30 seconds for connections to timeout, the timeout of the oldest TCP connections are set to 10 seconds. Aggressive aging is enabled when the connections drop below the low watermark.

Step 9

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 10

policy-map type inspect policy-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw

Creates a protocol-specific inspect type policy map and enters QoS policy-map configuration mode.

Step 11

class type inspect match-any class-map-name

Example:
Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect match-any ddos-class

Specifies the traffic class on which an action is to be performed and enters QoS policy-map class configuration mode.

Step 12

inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect pmap1

Enables stateful packet inspection for the parameter map.

Step 13

end

Example:
Device(config-pmap-c)# end

Exits QoS policy-map class configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 14

show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

Example:
Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap

Displays VRF-level policy firewall statistics.

Example

The following is sample output from the show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap command: 

Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap

 VRF: vrf1, Parameter-Map: vrf1-pmap
  Interface reference count: 2
       Total Session Count(estab + half-open): 270, Exceed: 0
       Total Session Aggressive Aging Period Off, Event Count: 0

                Half Open
       Protocol Session Cnt     Exceed
       -------- -----------     ------
       All      0               0
       UDP      0               0
       ICMP     0               0
       TCP      0               0

       TCP Syn Flood Half Open Count: 0, Exceed: 12       
       Half Open Aggressive Aging Period Off, Event Count: 0

Configuring per-VRF Aggressive Aging

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. ip vrf vrf-name
  4. rd route-distinguisher
  5. route-target export route-target-ext-community
  6. route-target import route-target-ext-community
  7. exit
  8. parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf-pmap-name
  9. max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}
  10. session total number [aggressive-aging {high value low value | percent percent low percent percent}]
  11. alert on
  12. exit
  13. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  14. vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name
  15. exit
  16. parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name
  17. tcp idle-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  18. tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]
  19. exit
  20. policy-map type inspect policy-map-name
  21. class type inspect match-any class-map-name
  22. inspect parameter-map-name
  23. end
  24. show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:
Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:
Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

ip vrf vrf-name

Example:
Device(config)# ip vrf ddos-vrf1

Defines a VRF instance and enters VRF configuration mode.

Step 4

rd route-distinguisher

Example:
Device(config-vrf)# rd 100:2

Specifies a route distinguisher (RD) for a VRF instance.

Step 5

route-target export route-target-ext-community

Example:
Device(config-vrf)# route-target export 100:2

Creates a route-target extended community and exports the routing information to the target VPN extended community.

Step 6

route-target import route-target-ext-community

Example:
Device(config-vrf)# route-target import 100:2

Creates a route-target extended community and imports routing information from the target VPN extended community.

Step 7

exit

Example:
Device(config-vrf)# exit

Exits VRF configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 8

parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf-pmap-name

Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf1-pmap

Configures an inspect VRF-type parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 9

max-incomplete number aggressive-aging high {value low value | percent percent low percent percent}

Example:
Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 2000 aggressive-aging high 1500 low 1200

Configures the maximum limit and the aggressive aging limit for half-opened sessions.

Step 10

session total number [aggressive-aging {high value low value | percent percent low percent percent}]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# session total 1000 aggressive-aging high percent 80 low percent 60

Configures the total session limit and the aggressive aging limit for the total sessions.

  • You can configure the total session limit as an absolute value or as a percentage.

Step 11

alert on

Example:
Device(config-profile)# alert on

Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages.

Step 12

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 13

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global
Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Configures a global parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, the parameter-map type inspect-global and the parameter-map type inspect global commands are supported. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Step 14 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 14

vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name

Example:
Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap

Binds a VRF with a parameter map.

Step 15

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 16

parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1

Configures an inspect-type parameter map for connecting thresholds, timeouts, and other parameters pertaining to the inspect action and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 17

tcp idle-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp idle-time 3000 ageout-time 100

Configures the timeout for idle TCP sessions and the aggressive aging-out time for TCP sessions.

Step 18

tcp synwait-time seconds [ageout-time seconds]

Example:
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10

Specifies how long the software will wait for a TCP session to reach the established state before dropping the session.

  • When aggressive aging is enabled, the SYN wait timer of the oldest TCP connections are reset from the default to the configured ageout time. In this example, instead of waiting for 30 seconds for connections to timeout, the timeout of the oldest TCP connections are set to 10 seconds. Aggressive aging is disabled when the connections drop below the low watermark.

Step 19

exit

Example:
Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 20

policy-map type inspect policy-map-name

Example:
Device(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw

Creates a protocol-specific inspect type policy map and enters QoS policy-map configuration mode.

Step 21

class type inspect match-any class-map-name

Example:
Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect match-any ddos-class

Specifies the traffic (class) on which an action is to be performed and enters QoS policy-map class configuration mode.

Step 22

inspect parameter-map-name

Example:
Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect pmap1

Enables stateful packet inspection for the parameter map.

Step 23

end

Example:
Device(config-pmap-c)# end

Exits QoS policy-map class configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 24

show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

Example:
Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap

Displays VRF-level policy firewall statistics.

Example

The following is sample output from the show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap command: 

Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap

VRF: vrf1, Parameter-Map: vrf1-pmap
  Interface reference count: 2
       Total Session Count(estab + half-open): 80, Exceed: 0
       Total Session Aggressive Aging Period Off, Event Count: 0

                Half Open
       Protocol Session Cnt     Exceed
       -------- -----------     ------
       All      0               0
       UDP      0               0
       ICMP     0               0
       TCP      0               0

       TCP Syn Flood Half Open Count: 0, Exceed: 116
       Half Open Aggressive Aging Period Off, Event Count: 0

Configuring Firewall Event Rate Monitoring

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. parameter-map type inspect-zone zone-pmap-name
  4. alert on
  5. threat-detection basic-threat
  6. threat-detection rate fw-drop average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second
  7. threat-detection rate inspect-drop average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second
  8. threat-detection rate syn-attack average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second
  9. exit
  10. zone security security-zone-name
  11. protection parameter-map-name
  12. exit
  13. zone-pair security zone-pair-name source source-zone destination destination-zone
  14. end
  15. show policy-firewall stats zone

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:

Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:

Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

parameter-map type inspect-zone zone-pmap-name

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-zone zone-pmap1

Configures an inspect-zone parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 4

alert on

Example:

Device(config-profile)# alert on
Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages for a zone.

  • You can use the log command to configure the logging of alerts either to the syslog or to the high-speed logger (HSL).

Step 5

threat-detection basic-threat

Example:

Device(config-profile)# threat-detection basic-threat

Configures basic threat detection for a zone.

Step 6

threat-detection rate fw-drop average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second

Example:

Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate fw-drop average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100
Configures the threat detection rate for firewall drop events.

  • You must configure the threat-detection basic-threat command before you configure the threat-detection rate command.

Step 7

threat-detection rate inspect-drop average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second

Example:

Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate inspect-drop average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100

Configures the threat detection rate for firewall inspection-based drop events.

Step 8

threat-detection rate syn-attack average-time-frame seconds average-threshold packets-per-second burst-threshold packets-per-second

Example:

Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate syn-attack average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100

Configures the threat detection rate for TCP SYN attack events.

Step 9

exit

Example:

Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 10

zone security security-zone-name

Example:

Device(config)# zone security public

Creates a security zone and enters security zone configuration mode.

Step 11

protection parameter-map-name

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone)# protection zone-pmap1

Attaches the inspect-zone parameter map to the zone and applies the features configured in the inspect-zone parameter map to the zone.

Step 12

exit

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone)# exit

Exits security zone configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 13

zone-pair security zone-pair-name source source-zone destination destination-zone

Example:

Device(config)# zone-pair security private2public source private destination public

Creates a zone pair and enters security zone-pair configuration mode.

Step 14

end

Example:

Device(config-sec-zone-pair)# end

Exits security zone-pair configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 15

show policy-firewall stats zone

Example:

Device# show policy-firewall stats zone

Displays policy firewall statistics at the zone level.

Configuring the per-Box Half-Opened Session Limit

Per-box refers to the entire firewall session table. Any configuration that follows the parameter-map type inspect-global command applies to the box.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  4. alert on
  5. per-box max-incomplete number
  6. session total number
  7. end
  8. show policy-firewall stats global

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:

Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:

Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global

Configures a global parameter map for connecting thresholds and timeouts and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, the parameter-map type inspect-global and the parameter-map type inspect global commands are supported. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip to Steps 5 and 6 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 4

alert on

Example:

Device(config-profile)# alert on

Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages.

Step 5

per-box max-incomplete number

Example:

Device(config-profile)# per-box max-incomplete 12345

Configures the maximum number of half-opened connections for the firewall session table.

Step 6

session total number

Example:

Device(config-profile)# session total 34500

Configures the total session limit for the firewall session table.

Step 7

end

Example:

Device(config-profile)# end

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 8

show policy-firewall stats global

Example:

Device# show policy-firewall stats global

Displays global firewall statistics information.

Configuring the Half-Opened Session Limit for an Inspect-VRF Parameter Map

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf-name
  4. alert on
  5. max-incomplete number
  6. session total number
  7. exit
  8. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  9. alert on
  10. vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name
  11. end
  12. show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:

Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:

Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf-name

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf1-pmap

Configures an inspect-VRF parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

Step 4

alert on

Example:

Device(config-profile)# alert on

Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages.

Step 5

max-incomplete number

Example:

Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 2000

Configures the maximum number of half-opened connections per VRF.

Step 6

session total number

Example:

Device(config-profile)# session total 34500

Configures the total session limit for a VRF.

Step 7

exit

Example:

Device(config-profile)# exit

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters global configuration mode.

Step 8

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Configures a global parameter map for connecting thresholds and timeouts and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, you can use either the parameter-map type inspect-global command or the parameter-map type inspect global command. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Step 10 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 9

alert on

Example:

Device(config-profile)# alert on

Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages.

Step 10

vrf vrf-name inspect vrf-pmap-name

Example:

Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap

Binds the VRF to the global parameter map.

Step 11

end

Example:

Device(config-profile)# end

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 12

show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf-pmap-name

Example:

Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf vrf1-pmap

Displays VRF-level policy firewall statistics.

Configuring the Global TCP SYN Flood Limit

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. enable
  2. configure terminal
  3. Enter one of the following commands:
    • parameter-map type inspect-global
    • parameter-map type inspect global
  4. alert on
  5. per-box tcp syn-flood limit number
  6. end
  7. show policy-firewall stats vrf global

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

enable

Example:

Device> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

  • Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2

configure terminal

Example:

Device# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 3

Enter one of the following commands:

  • parameter-map type inspect-global
  • parameter-map type inspect global

Example:

Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-global
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global

Configures a global parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

  • Based on your release, you can configure either the parameter-map type inspect-global command or the parameter-map type inspect global command. You cannot configure both these commands together.

  • Skip Step 5 if you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command.

Note

 

If you configure the parameter-map type inspect-global command, per-box configurations are not supported because, by default, all per-box configurations apply to all firewall sessions.

Step 4

alert on

Example:

Device(config-profile)# alert on

Enables the console display of stateful packet inspection alert messages.

Step 5

per-box tcp syn-flood limit number

Example:

Device(config-profile)# per-box tcp syn-flood limit 500

Limits the number of TCP half-opened sessions that trigger SYN cookie processing for new SYN packets.

Step 6

end

Example:

Device(config-profile)# end

Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

Step 7

show policy-firewall stats vrf global

Example:

Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf global

(Optional) Displays the status of the global VRF firewall policy.

  • The command output also displays how many TCP half-opened sessions are present.

Example

The following is sample output from the show policy-firewall stats vrf global command: 

Device# show policy-firewall stats vrf global
 
Global table statistics
       total_session_cnt: 0
       exceed_cnt:        0
       tcp_half_open_cnt: 0
       syn_exceed_cnt:    0

Configuration Examples for Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Example: Configuring a Firewall


Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# class-map type inspect match-any ddos-class
Router(config-cmap)# match protocol tcp
Router(config-cmap-c)# exit
Router(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Router(config-profile)# redundancy
Router(config-profile)# exit
Router(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw
Router(config-pmap)# class type inspect ddos-class
Router(config-pmap-c)# inspect
Router(config-pmap-c)# exit
Router(config-pmap)# class class-default
Router(config-pmap-c)# drop
Router(config-pmap-c)# exit
Router(config-pmap)# exit
Router(config)# zone security private
Router(config-sec-zone)# exit
Router(config)# zone security public
Router(config-sec-zone)# exit
Router(config)# zone-pair security private2public source private destination public
Router((config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect ddos-fw
Router((config-sec-zone-pair)# exit
Router(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1/0.1
Router(config-subif)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 2
Router(config-subif)# zone-member security private
Router(config-subif)# exit
Router(config)# interface gigabitethernet 1/1/0.1
Router(config-subif)# ip address 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 2
Router(config-subif)# zone-member security public
Router(config-subif)# end

Example: Configuring the Aggressive Aging of Firewall Sessions

Example: Configuring per-Box Aggressive Aging

Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# per-box max-incomplete 2000 aggressive-aging 1500 low 1200
Device(config-profile)# per-box aggressive-aging high 1700 low 1300
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring Aggressive Aging for a Default VRF

Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 2000 aggressive-aging high 1500 low 1200
Device(config-profile)# session total 1000 aggressive-aging high percent 80 low percent 60
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring the Aging Out of Firewall Sessions

Device# configure terminal
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# tcp idle-time 3000 ageout-time 100
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw
Device(config-profile)# class type inspect match-any ddos-class
Device(config-profile)# inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring per-VRF Aggressive Aging

Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# ip vrf ddos-vrf1
Device(config-vrf)# rd 100:2
Device(config-vrf)# route-target export 100:2
Device(config-vrf)# route-target import 100:2
Device(config-vrf)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect-vrf vrf1-pmap
Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 3455 aggressive-aging high 2345 low 2255
Device(config-profile)# session total 1000 aggressive-aging high percent 80 low percent 60
Device(config-profile)# alert on
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# tcp idle-time 3000 ageout-time 100
Device(config-profile)# tcp synwait-time 30 ageout-time 10
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# policy-map type inspect ddos-fw
Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect match-any ddos-class
Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect pmap1
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring Firewall Event Rate Monitoring


Device> enable
Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect zone zone-pmap1
Device(config-profile)# alert on
Device(config-profile)# threat-detection basic-threat
Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate fw-drop average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100
Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate inspect-drop average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100
Device(config-profile)# threat-detection rate syn-attack average-time-frame 600 average-threshold 100 burst-threshold 100
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# zone security public
Device(config-sec-zone)# protection zone-pmap1
Device(config-sec-zone)# exit
Device(config)# zone-pair security private2public source private destination public
Device(config-sec-zone-pair)# end

Example: Configuring the per-Box Half-Opened Session Limit

Device# configure terminal  
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global 
Device(config-profile)# alert on 
Device(config-profile)# per-box max-incomplete 12345   
Device(config-profile)# session total 34500  
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring the Half-Opened Session Limit for an Inspect VRF Parameter Map


Device# configure terminal  
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect vrf vrf1-pmap 
Device(config-profile)# alert on 
Device(config-profile)# max-incomplete 3500 
Device(config-profile)# session total 34500 
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# alert on
Device(config-profile)# vrf vrf1 inspect vrf1-pmap 
Device(config-profile)# end

Example: Configuring the Global TCP SYN Flood Limit

Device# configure terminal  
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global 
Device(config-profile)# alert on 
Device(config-profile)# per-box tcp syn-flood limit 500 
Device(config-profile)# end

Additional References for Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Related Documents

Related Topic

Document Title

Cisco IOS commands

Cisco IOS Master Command List, All Releases

Security commands

Cisco IOS Security Command Reference

Firewall resource management

Configuring Firewall Resource Management feature

Firewall TCP SYN cookie

Configuring Firewall TCP SYN Cookie feature

Technical Assistance

Description

Link

The Cisco Support and Documentation website provides online resources to download documentation, software, and tools. Use these resources to install and configure the software and to troubleshoot and resolve technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support and Documentation website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password.

http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/support/index.html

Feature Information for Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

The following table provides release information about the feature or features described in this module. This table lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature.

Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Table 2. Feature Information for Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Feature Name

Releases

Feature Information

Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Cisco IOS XE Release 3.4S

The Protection Against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks feature provides protection from DoS attacks at the per-box level (for all firewall sessions) and at the VRF level. You can configure the aggressive aging of firewall sessions, event rate monitoring of firewall sessions, the half-opened connections limit, and global TCP SYN cookie protection to prevent DDoS attacks.

The following commands were introduced or modified: clear policy-firewall stats global, max-incomplete, max-incomplete aggressive-aging, per-box aggressive-aging, per-box max-incomplete, per-box max-incomplete aggressive-aging, per-box tcp syn-flood limit, session total, show policy-firewall stats global, show policy-firewall stats zone, threat-detection basic-threat, threat-detection rate, and udp half-open .