Contents

Introduction

Prerequisites

Requirements

Components Used

Background Information

Configure

Network Diagram

Task 1. Create Necessary Interfaces for FTD Cluster

Task 2. Create FTD Cluster

Task 3. Register FTD Cluster to FMC

Task 4. Configure Port-Channel Sub-Interfaces on FMC

Task 5. Verify Basic Connectivity

Cluster Capture from Chassis Manager UI

Task 6. Delete a Slave Device from the Cluster

Verify

Troubleshoot

Related Information

Introduction

This document describes how to configure and verify Cluster Feature on the FPR9300 device.

Caution: The information provided in this document covers the initial installation/configuration of the cluster. This document is not applicable to a unit replacement (Return Material Authorization - RMA) procedure

Prerequisites

Requirements

There are no specific requirements for this document.

Components Used

The information in this document is based on these software and hardware versions:

- Cisco Firepower 9300 Security Appliance running 1.1(4.95)

- Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) running 6.0.1 (build 1213)

- FireSIGHT Management Center (FMC) running 6.0.1.1 (build 1023)

Lab completion time: 1 hour.

The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, ensure that you understand the potential impact of any command.

Background Information

- On the FPR9300 with FTD appliance, you can configure intra-chassis Clustering on all supported versions.

- Inter-chassis clustering was introduced in 6.2.

- Port-channel 48 is created as a cluster-control link. For intra-chassis clustering, this link utilizes the Firepower 9300 backplane for cluster communications.

- Individual data interfaces are not supported, with the exception of a management interface.

- Management interface is assigned to all units in the cluster.

Configure

Network Diagram

Task 1. Create Necessary Interfaces for FTD Cluster

Task requirement:

Create a Cluster, a Management interface, and a Port-channel Data interface.

Solution:

Step 1. Create a Port channel Data interface.

In order to create a new interface, you have to log into FPR9300 Chassis Manager and Navigate to Interfaces tab.

Select Add Port Channel and create a new Port Channel Interface with these parameters:

Port Channel ID

5

Type

Data

Enable

Yes

Member ID

Ethernet1/3, Ethernet 1/4

Select OK to save the configuration as shown in the image.

Step 2. Create a Management Interface.

On the Interfaces tab, choose the interface, click on Edit and configure the Management Type interface.

Click OK to save the configuration as shown in the image.

Step 3. Create Cluster-Control Link Interface.

Click on Add Port Channel button and create a new Port Channel Interface with these parameters and as shown in the image.

Port Channel ID

48

Type

Cluster

Enable

Yes

Member ID

-

Task 2. Create FTD Cluster

Task requirement:

Create an FTD Cluster unit.

Solution:

Step 1. Navigate to Logical Devices and click on Add Device button.

Create the FTD Clustering as follows:

Device Name

FTD_cluster

Template

Cisco Firepower Threat Defense

Image Version

6.0.1.1213

Device Mode

Cluster

In order to add the device, click OK as shown in the image.

Step 2. Configure and deploy FTD Cluster.

After you create an FTD device, you are redirected to the Provisioning- device_name window.

Click on the device icon to start the configuration as shown in the image.

Configure the FTD Cluster Information tab with these settings and as shown in the image.

Cluster key

cisco

Cluster Group Name

FTD_cluster

Management Interface

Ethernet1/1

Configure the FTD Settings tab with these settings and as shown in the image.

Registration Key

cisco

Password

Admin123

Firepower Management Center IP

10.62.148.73

Search Domains

cisco.com

Firewall Mode

Routed

DNS Servers

173.38.200.100

Fully Qualified Hostname

ksec-fpr9k-1-1-3.cisco.com

Eventing Interface

None

Configure the FTD Interface Information tab with these settings and as shown in the image.

Address Type

IPv4 Only

Security Module 1

Management IP

10.62.148.67

Network Mask

255.255.255.128

Gateway

10.62.148.1

Security Module 2

Management IP

10.62.148.68

Network Mask

255.255.255.128

Gateway

10.62.148.1

Security Module 3

Management IP

10.62.148.69

Network Mask

255.255.255.128

Gateway

10.62.148.1

Accept the Agreement on the Agreement tab and click OK as shown in the image.

Step 3. Assign Data Interfaces to FTD.

Expand the Data Ports area and click on each interface you want to assign to FTD. After completion, select Save to create an FTD cluster as shown in the image.

Wait for a few minutes for the cluster to be deployed, after which the master unit election occurs.

Verification:

- From the FPR9300 GUI as shown in the image.

- From the FPR9300 CLI

FPR9K-1-A#

FPR9K-1-A# scope ssa

FPR9K-1-A /ssa # show app-instance

Application Name     Slot ID    Admin State     Operational State    Running Version Startup Version Cluster Oper State

-------------------- ---------- --------------- -------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------------

ftd                  1          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

ftd                  2          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

ftd                  3          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

- From the LINA (ASA) CLI

firepower# show cluster info

Cluster FTD_cluster: On

Interface mode: spanned

This is "unit-1-1" in state MASTER

ID        : 0

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19216KK6

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.1

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.016f

Last join : 21:51:03 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

Other members in the cluster:

Unit "unit-1-3" in state SLAVE

ID        : 1

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19206H7T

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.3

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.018f

Last join : 21:51:05 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

Unit "unit-1-2" in state SLAVE

ID        : 2

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19206H71

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.2

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.019f

Last join : 21:51:30 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

firepower# cluster exec show cluster interface-mode

cluster interface-mode spanned

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

cluster interface-mode spanned

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

cluster interface-mode spanned

firepower#

firepower# cluster exec show cluster history

==========================================================================

From State           To State             Reason

==========================================================================

21:49:25 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             DISABLED             Disabled at startup

21:50:18 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             ELECTION             Enabled from CLI

21:51:03 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             MASTER_POST_CONFIG   Enabled from CLI

21:51:03 CEST Aug 8 2016

MASTER_POST_CONFIG   MASTER               Master post config done and waiting for ntfy

==========================================================================

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

==========================================================================

From State           To State             Reason

==========================================================================

21:49:44 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             DISABLED             Disabled at startup

21:50:37 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             ELECTION             Enabled from CLI

21:50:37 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:41 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION            Received cluster control message

21:50:41 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:46 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:46 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:51 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:51 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL                Received cluster control message

21:50:56 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:56 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:01 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:01 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:04 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               SLAVE_COLD          Received cluster control message

21:51:04 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_COLD           SLAVE_APP_SYNC       Client progression done

21:51:05 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_APP_SYNC       SLAVE_CONFIG         Slave application configuration sync done

21:51:17 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_CONFIG         SLAVE_BULK_SYNC       Configuration replication finished

21:51:29 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_BULK_SYNC       SLAVE                 Configuration replication finished

==========================================================================

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

==========================================================================

From State           To State             Reason

==========================================================================

21:49:24 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             DISABLED             Disabled at startup

21:50:16 CEST Aug 8 2016

DISABLED             ELECTION             Enabled from CLI

21:50:17 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION              ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:21 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:21 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:26 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:26 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:31 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:31 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:36 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:36 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:41 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:41 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:46 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:46 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL                Received cluster control message

21:50:51 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:51 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:50:56 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:50:56 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:01 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:01 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:06 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:06 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:12 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:12 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION              ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:17 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:17 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:22 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:22 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:27 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               ELECTION             Received cluster control message

21:51:27 CEST Aug 8 2016

ELECTION             ONCALL               Received cluster control message

21:51:30 CEST Aug 8 2016

ONCALL               SLAVE_COLD          Received cluster control message

21:51:30 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_COLD           SLAVE_APP_SYNC       Client progression done

21:51:31 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_APP_SYNC       SLAVE_CONFIG         Slave application configuration sync done

21:51:43 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_CONFIG         SLAVE_BULK_SYNC       Configuration replication finished

21:51:55 CEST Aug 8 2016

SLAVE_BULK_SYNC       SLAVE                 Configuration replication finished

==========================================================================

firepower#

Task 3. Register FTD Cluster to FMC

Task requirement:

Add the logical devices to the FMC and then group them into a cluster.

Solution:

Step 1. Add Logical Devices to the FMC. As from FMC version 6.3, you must register only one FTD device (recommended to be the Master). The rest of the FTDs are auto-discovered by the FMC.

Log into the FMC and navigate to Devices > Device Management tab and click Add Device.

Add the first logical device with the settings as mentioned in the image.

Click on Register to start registration.

Verification is as shown in the image.

Task 4. Configure Port-Channel Sub-Interfaces on FMC

Task requirement:

Configure sub-interfaces for the Port-channel Data interface.

Solution:

Step 1. From the FMC GUI, select FTD_cluster Edit button.

Navigate to Interfaces tab and click on the Add Interfaces > Sub Interface as shown in the image.

Configure the first sub-interface with these details. Select OK to apply the changes and as shown in the images.

Name

Inside

General tab

Interface

Port-channel5

Sub-interface ID

201

VLAN ID

201

IPv4 tab

IP Type

Use Static IP

IP Address

192.168.75.10/24

Configure the second sub-interface with these details.

Name

Outside

General tab

Interface

Port-channel5

Sub-interface ID

210

VLAN ID

210

IPv4 tab

IP Type

Use Static IP

IP Address

192.168.76.10/24

Click OK to create the sub-interface. Click Save and then Deploy changes to the FTD_cluster as shown in the image.

Verification:

Task 5. Verify Basic Connectivity

Task requirement:

Create a capture and check the connectivity between two VMs.

Solution:

Step 1. Create captures on all cluster units.

Navigate to LINA (ASA) CLI of Master unit and create captures for the Inside and Outside interfaces.

firepower#

firepower# cluster exec capture capi interface inside match icmp any any

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

firepower#

firepower# cluster exec capture capo interface outside match icmp any any

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

firepower#

Verification:

firepower# cluster exec show capture

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

firepower#

Step 2. Do the ping test from the VM1 to VM2.

Do the test with 4 packets. Check the capture output after the test:

firepower# cluster exec show capture

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 752 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 752 bytes]

match icmp any any

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match icmp any any

firepower#

Run the command in order to check capture output on the specific unit:

firepower# cluster exec unit unit-1-3 show capture capi

8 packets captured

1: 12:58:36.162253       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

2: 12:58:36.162955       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

3: 12:58:37.173834       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

4: 12:58:37.174368       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

5: 12:58:38.187642       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

6: 12:58:38.188115       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

7: 12:58:39.201832       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

8: 12:58:39.202321       802.1Q vlan#201 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

8 packets shown

firepower# cluster exec unit unit-1-3 show capture capo

8 packets captured

1: 12:58:36.162543       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

2: 12:58:36.162894       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

3: 12:58:37.174002       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

4: 12:58:37.174307       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

5: 12:58:38.187764       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

6: 12:58:38.188085       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

7: 12:58:39.201954       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.75.100 > 192.168.76.100: icmp: echo request

8: 12:58:39.202290       802.1Q vlan#210 P0 192.168.76.100 > 192.168.75.100: icmp: echo reply

8 packets shown

firepower#

After you finish this task, delete the captures with the next command:

firepower# cluster exec no capture capi

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

firepower# cluster exec no capture capo

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

Step 3. Download a file from VM2 to VM1.

VM1 was pre-configured as an FTP server, VM2 as an FTP client.

Create new captures with these:

firepower# cluster exec capture capi interface inside match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

firepower# cluster exec capture capo interface outside match ip host 192.168.775.100 host 192.168.76.100

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

Download the file from VM2 to VM1, with the use of FTP client.

Check the show conn output:

firepower# cluster exec show conn all

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

20 in use, 21 most used

Cluster:

fwd connections: 0 in use, 2 most used

dir connections: 0 in use, 52 most used

centralized connections: 0 in use, 6 most used

TCP Outside  192.168.76.100:49175 Inside  192.168.75.100:21, idle 0:00:32, bytes 665, flags UIOeN

UDP cluster  255.255.255.255:49495 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.1:49495, idle 0:00:00, bytes 17858058, flags -

TCP cluster  127.2.1.3:10844 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.1:38296, idle 0:00:33, bytes 5496, flags UI

…….

TCP cluster  127.2.1.3:59588 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.1:10850, idle 0:00:33, bytes 132, flags UO

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

12 in use, 16 most used

Cluster:

fwd connections: 0 in use, 4 most used

dir connections: 1 in use, 10 most used

centralized connections: 0 in use, 0 most used

TCP Outside  192.168.76.100:49175 Inside  192.168.75.100:21, idle 0:00:34, bytes 0, flags  y

TCP cluster  127.2.1.1:10851 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.3:48493, idle 0:00:52, bytes 224, flags UI

……..

TCP cluster  127.2.1.1:64070 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.3:10847, idle 0:00:11, bytes 806, flags UO

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

12 in use, 15 most used

Cluster:

fwd connections: 0 in use, 2 most used

dir connections: 0 in use, 3 most used

centralized connections: 0 in use, 0 most used

TCP cluster  127.2.1.1:10851 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.2:64136, idle 0:00:53, bytes 224, flags UI

……..

TCP cluster  127.2.1.1:15859 NP Identity Ifc  127.2.1.2:10847, idle 0:00:11, bytes 807, flags UO

Show capture output:

firepower# cluster exec show cap

unit-1-1(LOCAL):******************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Buffer Full - 523954 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Buffer Full - 524028 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

unit-1-3:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Buffer Full - 524062 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Buffer Full - 524228 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

unit-1-2:*************************************************************

capture capi type raw-data interface Inside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

capture capo type raw-data interface Outside [Capturing - 0 bytes]

match ip host 192.168.75.100 host 192.168.76.100

Cluster Capture from Chassis Manager UI

In the following image you can see a 3-unit cluster on FPR9300 with 2 Port-Channels (8 and 48). The logical devices are ASAs, but in the case of FTD will be the same concept.The important thing to remember is that although there are 3 cluster units, from capture point of view there is only one logical device:

Task 6. Delete a Slave Device from the Cluster

Task requirement:

Log into the FMC and delete the Slave unit from the cluster.

Solution:

Step 1. Log into the FMC and navigate to Device > Device Management.

Click the trash icon next to the Slave unit as shown in the image.

The confirmation window appears. Select Yes to confirm as shown in the image.

Verification:

- From the FMC as shown in the image.

- From the FXOS CLI.

FPR9K-1-A# scope ssa

FPR9K-1-A /ssa # show app-instance

Application Name     Slot ID    Admin State     Operational State    Running Version Startup Version Cluster Oper State

-------------------- ---------- --------------- -------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------------

ftd                  1          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

ftd                  2          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

ftd                  3          Enabled         Online               6.0.1.1213      6.0.1.1213      In Cluster

- From the LINA (ASA) CLI.

firepower# show cluster info

Cluster FTD_cluster: On

Interface mode: spanned

This is "unit-1-1" in state MASTER

ID        : 0

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19216KK6

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.1

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.016f

Last join : 21:51:03 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

Other members in the cluster:

Unit "unit-1-3" in state SLAVE

ID        : 1

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19206H7T

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.3

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.018f

Last join : 21:51:05 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

Unit "unit-1-2" in state SLAVE

ID        : 2

Version   : 9.6(1)

Serial No.: FLM19206H71

CCL IP    : 127.2.1.2

CCL MAC   : 0015.c500.019f

Last join : 21:51:30 CEST Aug 8 2016

Last leave: N/A

firepower#

Note: The device was unregistered from the FMC but it is still a cluster member on the FPR9300.

Verify

Use this section in order to confirm that your configuration works properly.

Verification is completed and covered in individual tasks.

Troubleshoot

There is currently no specific troubleshooting information available for this configuration.

Related Information

- All versions of the Cisco Firepower Management Center configuration guide can be found here:

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/firepower/roadmap/firepower-roadmap.html#id_47280.

- All versions of the FXOS Chassis Manager and CLI configuration guides can be found here:

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/firepower/fxos/roadmap/fxos-roadmap.html#pgfId-121950.

- Cisco Global Technical Assistance Center (TAC) strongly recommends this visual guide for in-depth practical knowledge on Cisco Firepower Next Generation Security Technologies, including the ones mentioned in this article:

http://www.ciscopress.com/title/9781587144806.

- For all Configuration and Troubleshooting TechNotes that pertains to Firepower technologies.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/security/defense-center/tsd-products-support-series-home.html.

- Technical Support & Documentation - Cisco Systems